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This article examines the origin and early development of the demographic, epidemiological and nutrition transition models, which were defined in order to explain the evolution of biological living standards of the population, during the different phases of the modern economic growth. In particular, the paper shows that those models were developed from the changing processes observed in European countries, and that political factors were important in its original formulation. The paper also shows that rent initially played a very prominent place as an explanatory variable of these processes of transition, but especially in the case of the Nutrition Transition Model. More recent research, however, the model also considers other variables (environmental, institutional and cultural, scientific advances in nutrition and health). Finally, the article points out the main lines of research that are taking place on the nutrition transition, and the main problems they face, especially with regard to the possibility of making forecasts.

ResumenLas estadísticas de precios y, en particular, las de alimentos son mucho más abundantes que las de consumo. Este artículo propone uti-lizar estas estadísticas para analizar las variaciones cualitativas en el consumo y, más concretamente, la composición de la dieta, una variable de difícil observación, pero con notables implicaciones en la evolución de las condiciones de vida, salud y mortalidad de las poblaciones. Concretamente, se han escogido los años comprendidos entre 1910 y 1912, en un periodo de importantes cambios en la mortalidad española, para analizar la variación provincial en los niveles y en las estructuras de precios al consumo. Los índices de precios relativos estimados sugieren que las diferencias regionales en la composición de las dietas eran muy significativas y que se deben tener en cuenta en los análisis de los nive-les de vida y de mortalidad.

AbstractThe living standards of the working classes during industrialization continue to be the subject of debate in European historiography. However, other factors closely related to the institutional setting, such as the role played by social economy and the institutions for collective action, are seldom considered. This study focuses on these factors, and attempts to quantify the social impact of consumer cooperatives. We argue that these institutions substantially improved the lot of the working classes from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, helping them to increase their incomes, and access food and services, such as education and social services, which the state did not provide in sufficient measure. To demonstrate this point, we analyse thirty-five consumer cooperatives in Barcelona, an industrial centre in which these organizations were more popular than anywhere else in Spain. Our main conclusion is that consumer cooperatives increased the well-being of their members, helping them to meet their substantial calorific needs, although their diets were unbalanced and low-cost; members improved their income between five and ten per cent, by simply shopping at the institution, and gained access to basic welfare services.

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